Feature Articles - RMS Lusitania: The Fateful Voyage
On April 30th 1915, the Lusitania was at New
York, being loaded with meat, medical supplies, copper, cheese, oil and
machinery, but she was also secretly being loaded with munitions for Britain
for the war. That same day, Kapitänleutnant Walter Schwieger was
ordered to take his U-boat-20 German submarine to the northern tip of Great
Britain, then back down south on the Atlantic side and then east to the
Irish Channel to destroy ships going to and from Liverpool, England.
Then he was to go around Ireland and head back to Germany. Schwieger was known to frequently attack ships without warning them, and fired at any neutral ships he suspected may be British. In an earlier voyage, he narrowly missed hitting a hospital ship with a torpedo. His reputation made it more likely for him to destroy a British passenger liner, such as the Lusitania.
Beside the CUNARD advertisement was a notice:
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NOTICE!
Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915. |
This notice was thought by most of the passengers as an
idle threat.
Before the voyage, it was decided that only 19 of the 25 boilers would be
utilised for the voyage because of the enormous consumption of coal, so
boiler room 4 was shut down. This limited the Lusitania's speed to 21
knots, still much faster than a U-boat submarine's top speed of 13 knots.
On May 1st, 1915, the Lusitania embarked on its 202nd
crossing of the Atlantic with 1257 passengers, plus a crew of 702. It
was under the command of Captain William Turner.
The
first days of the voyage were uneventful, but not for the U-20. On May
5th, Captain Schwieger rounded the south-west tip of Ireland.
He tried to destroy but missed several ships, including several neutral
ones. That day, he spotted a small schooner, the Earl of Lathom.
He surfaced to warn the crew, then destroyed the boat with gunfire.
The next day as he continued further east in the Irish Channel, he fired two
torpedoes at the Candidate, a 5858-ton steamer from Liverpool.
About two hours later, he destroyed another ship, the Centurion.
The British never warned the Lusitania of these sinkings which were taking
place near where the Lusitania was about to travel through.
The U-20's fuel was running low so Schwieger decided not to travel past
Liverpool, and instead turn back. The U-20 and the Lusitania were
going to cross paths.
On May 7th, the Lusitania entered the Irish Channel.
Captain Turner slowed the ship down to 15 knots because of the fog.
This was contrary to orders to travel at full speed in the submarine war
zone around Great Britain. However, as a precaution, Captain Turner
posted extra lookouts and swung the lifeboats out.
That same day, the U-20 was travelling west in the Irish Channel. At
about noon, Schwieger and his crew sighted an old war cruiser, the Juno.
It escaped because it was zigzagging, which made it hard for a submarine to
fire at it, due to its constantly changing path. Captain Turner of the
Lusitania did not do this because he felt that it wasted time and fuel.
Then, at 1:20pm British time, Schwieger sighted something of note.
"Starboard ahead four funnels and two masts of a steamer with course at right angles to us..."
He submerged and approached the large passenger liner at 9 knots and waited. To his luck, at 1:40pm, when the ship was roughly 700 meters away, it turned 30° toward him, making it easier to attack. He fired a single torpedo...
A Deadly Encounter
At about 1:30pm, just after the passengers had eaten their lunch, Captain
Turner went down to his cabin, probably to go the the bathroom.
At about 1:39pm, lookout Leslie Morton, of only 18 years of age, saw a burst
of bubbles about 500 meters away. Then a trail of bubbles began to
approach from the starboard (right) side of the ship at about 22 knots.
Morton grabbed his megaphone and shouted to the bridge: "Torpedoes coming on
the starboard side." The officers there did not hear him. About 30
seconds later, Thomas Quinn, a lookout high above in the crows nest, saw the
torpedo's wake and sounded the alarm. Captain Turner ran to the
navigating bridge, and as he reached it the torpedo detonated.
There was a large
explosion similar to a crack of thunder at the side of the ship just ahead
of the 2nd funnel. Then there was a second, larger, muffled explosion
that seemed to come from the bottom of the ship. The ship tilted to
the right side at an angle of 25°. The power suddenly failed, but
Captain Turner still attempted to steer the Lusitania toward land in an
attempt to beach her. The rudder and engines did not respond
(obviously). Also, the watertight doors in the ship could not be
closed unless there was power. The wireless room had to run on battery
power to tap out its S.O.Ss.
As a result of the list (tilt) of the ship, the lifeboats on the port (left)
side could not be launched. The starboard-side boats were swung out so
far as a result of the list that many passengers had to jump from the deck
to the lifeboats, risking falling into the water many storeys below.
Many crew members panicked and a few lifeboats were launched that contained
only crew members.
Other lifeboats
capsized, and one or two were damaged when the torpedo hit the ship.
Although the Lusitania had adequate lifeboats for all on board, most
lifeboats simply could not be launched. The Lusitania sank below the
waves shortly before 2:00pm. It sank in 90 meters of water, and since
the Lusitania was 239 meters long, the bow (front of the ship) hit the
bottom of the ocean while the stern was still up in the air.
Captain Turner jumped into the water as the bridge was about to go under.
He swam for about 3 hours, until he finally found a nearby lifeboat, which
was being swarmed with people trying to survive. A Canadian told some
people to leave the boat to prevent it from collapsing. Turner decided
to stay on the lifeboat.
The U-20 saw all this. Schwieger made the following note in his war
diary:
"An unusually heavy explosion takes place with a very strong explosion cloud (cloud reaches far beyond front funnel). The explosion of the torpedo must have been followed by a second one (boiler or coal or powder?). The superstructure right above the point of impact and the bridge are torn asunder, fire breaks out, and smoke envelops the high bridge. The ship stops immediately and heels over to starboard very quickly, immersing simultaneously at the bow. It appears as if the ship were going to capsize very shortly, Great confusion ensues on board; the boats are made clear and some of them are lowered to the water with either stem or stern first and founder immediately. On the port side fewer boats are made clear than on the starboard side on account of the ship's list. The ship blows off [steam]; on the bow the name "Lusitania" becomes visible in golden letters. The funnels were painted black, no flag was set astern. Ship was running twenty knots. Since it seems as if the steamer will keep above water only a short time, we dived to a depth of twenty-four meters and ran out to sea. It would have been impossible for me, anyhow, to fire a second torpedo into this crowd of people struggling to save their lives."
Many claimed that Schwieger added the last sentence after
the voyage after the world became shocked by the sinking.
The distress signals sent from the Lusitania reached Queenstown, a city in
Ireland about 17 kilometres away. Vice Admiral Sir Charles Coke
gathered up whatever ships were available (they were all relatively small)
and told their captains to sail to where the Lusitania was. They
arrived 2 hours after the sinking. When they got there, they picked up
any people still alive in the water and only 6 lifeboats, which were all
from the starboard side. The disaster was not over yet.
The Aftermath
Seven
hundred sixty-one people were picked up by boats from Queenstown. One
thousand one hundred ninety-eight people perished, this death toll was
rivalled only by the Titanic disaster. Many survivors were dazed
at first. Then they became enraged at the Germans, and many claimed
that they placed the "notice" beside the CUNARD ad because they were
planning to destroy the ship. Many survivors lost family members, and
in some cases, entire families were wiped out. Riots occurred in many
countries, and many stores refused to serve Germans.
The U-20 continued its journey back to Germany. It tried
unsuccessfully to sink two ships. Schwieger again changed his course
to avoid an area where he suspected British patrols would be, especially
after his notorious sinking. He arrived at Wilhelmshaven, Germany on
May 13th.
The news of the disaster was wirelessed across the Atlantic to New York.
The world was about to realize the impact of the Lusitania disaster.
The Americans were particularly enraged by the Lusitania disaster. One
hundred twenty-eight Americans were lost on the British ship out of 197.
This was after many protests of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, in
which many neutral ships, including those of the United States, were sunk,
and some without warning. On May 13th, President Woodrow
Wilson sent the first of four Lusitania notes to Germany. Anti-German
protests and political cartoons appeared.
Germany tried to find ways to defend itself against these attacks and
protests. It claimed that the Lusitania was armed and that it was
carrying munitions for the destruction of German soldiers. The first
claim was a false claim, and although the British denied it, the second
claim was proven to be true many years later in secret British documents.
Who To Blame - The Juno Cruiser?
The cruiser Juno was within the area of
the disaster, but did not pick up a single survivor. This old war ship
was briefly chased by the U-20 earlier that day and docked nearby.
When she received the distress signal she hurried out toward the sinking
luxury liner, but turned back (while close enough to be seen by the people
in the water), because of an official "recall signal" from the Admiralty.
At first, one might think that the Juno could have saved many lives,
but after careful investigation, we are leaded to think otherwise.
Some passengers were assured that the Lusitania would be escorted safely by
a destroyer while in these dangerous waters, but the Juno couldn't do that
job. She was an old ship, and although built for travelling at up to
19.5 knots, she could probably only attain 18 knots. The Lusitania
would have had to slow down to let the Juno catch up, and travelling slowly
in submarine-infested waters was not a good idea. And since the Juno
was offensively armed while escorting a ship, the Germans could easily have
claimed that the Juno was guarding a ship carrying troops, and both would be
liable to destruction without the slightest warning. This is why the
Juno can not be blamed.
Pro-German Arguments
Generally, the Americans believed that the
Germans were violating the rights of humanity with its torpedoing without
warning of the Lusitania, but the Germans had their reasons. Many
Germans claimed that the British deliberately exposed the Lusitania and
tried to get it sunk to embroil the Americans, and get them to join the war
on their side. In 1916, the American ambassador to Germany interviewed
the Kaiser (ruler of Germany) and found that he believed the ship was going
slowly in dangerous waters so that it could be easily destroyed.
Captain Turner violated 5 top-secret Admiralty instructions, including
zig-zagging, travelling near the middle of the (Irish) channel and avoiding
headlands (such as the Old Head of Kinsale, 10 km away). Turner
claimed that zig-zagging was a waste of time and thought that the Irish
Channel was much narrower and therefore travelled closer to land. And
why didn't the British Admiralty warn Turner of the sinking of the
Centurion and Candidate?
Then the Germans claimed that the Lusitania was carrying Canadian troops.
There were 360 Canadians on board on that fateful voyage. None of them
were soldiers, although at least one of them was planning to enlist
in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. But since he was not yet a
soldier, he was still an innocent civilian.
The Germans also tried to justify the sinking by saying that the British
were using their "illegal" blockade of stopping and confiscating ships
carrying cargo to Germany in order to starve the German citizens, and this
nation-wide suffering was worse than the suffering of the victims of the
Lusitania disaster.
Pro-Britain Arguments
The points against Germany were more obvious
than those against Britain.
First of all, the British and all the neutral countries hated Germany's
unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany claimed that their blockade
was in response to Britain's blockade of capturing their own ships.
But no one gets killed in a blockade like Britain's, and people, including
innocent civilians die in unrestricted submarine warfare.
Second, the British could have blamed Walther Schwieger, who destroyed many
neutral, passenger and hospital ships, and some without warning. If
Schwieger didn't mean to sink the luxury liner, he should have been able to
see that it was a passenger ship, and save his torpedo.
Contributed by Vincent Kan
Click here to read the first of the U.S. government's official protests to the German government; click here to read the second; click here to read the third. Click here to read Germany's official response to protest concerning the sinking. Click here to read the British law court's review.
'White Star' was a German mixture of chlorine and phosgene gas, so-named on account of the identification marking painted on the delivery shell casing.
- Did you know?
